Alexandria. City of the United Arab Republic and chief port of Egypt, situated between the mediterranean and Lake Maryut. It was founded in 331 b.c by Alexander the Great, and for over 1,000 years was the capital of Egypt and the principal centre of Hellenistic culture. Since the 4th century a.d. it has been the seat of a Christian patriarch. In 641 it was captured by the Mohammedan Arabs, and after the opening of the Cape route its trade rapidly declined. Early in the 19th century it began to recover its prosperity, and its growth was engouraged by its being the main British naval base in the Mediterranean during both the World Wars; the Egyptian cotton trade passes through the port and there is an oil refinery. Few relics of antiquity remain. The Pharos, the first lighthouse and one of the Seven Wonders of the ancient world, has long since disappeared. The world-famous Alexandrian Library was finally destroyed by the Arabs in 641. ‘Pompey’s Pillar’ is a column erected, as a landmark from the sea, by Diocleatian. Two obelisks that once stood before the Caesareum temple are now in London (‘Cleopatra’s Needle’) and New York respectively. A university was founded in 1942.


Liège. Capital of Liège povince, Belgium, 54 m. South East of Brussels, on th Meuse, a centre of iron and armament manufacture, and of a coal-mining district; texties, paper, and chemicals are other products. There is a university (1817) and a number of ancient churches, the oldest, St. Martin’s, dating from 692. Liège occupied by the Germans in both world wars, suffered severely economically, but was not badly damaged physically.


Bayeux. French town in Calvados dept., on the Aure, 18 m. North West of Caen. The fine cathedral is mainly 13th century Gothic. In the museum is the Bayeux Tapestry. Bayeux was the first town in West Europe to be liberated by the Allies, 7 june 1944.


Irkutsk. City of the Russian Federation, capital of Irkutsk region, South Siberia, situated on the Angara river, 45 m. North West of Lake Baikal. Irkutsk, founded in 1652, began to grow after the Trans-Siberian railway reached it in 1898. Coal is founded nearby; iron and steel, machine tools and gold-dredging machinery for the goldfields lying to the North, and timber are among its products. The city is a cultural centre with a university founded in 1918.


Wiesebaden. Capital of the Land of Hessen, Germany. Wiesbaden was the capital of the former duchy of Nassau from the 12th century to 1866.


Halifax. English manufacuring town on the Hebble, West riding of Yorks. The town’s leading industry is the woollen textile trade. The Parish church is Perpendicular Gothic and Piece Hall, a market, was built in 1799.


Bordeaux. French city, seaport, and capital of the Gironde dept., on the Garonne, 60 m. from the sea. Situated in the fertile plain of Médoc, famous for its vineyards, Bordeaux is the port for South West France and the centre of the wine trade of the area. It has shipbuilding yards and food factories; a cathedral of the 12th –14th century; and a university founded in 1441. Bordeaux was under the English crown for 3 centuries until 1453. In 1914 and again in 1940 the French government was moved there in the face of German invasion. The Germans made it a submarine base, and it suffered heavy Allied air raids in 1944.


Woodstock. English town in Oxon, 8 m. North West of Oxford, dating back to the 11th century. It has many associations with the sovereigns of England; Henry I built a palace at Woodstock; Fair Rosamund, mistress of Henry II, is supposed to have lived there; the Black Prince was born there; and Elizabeth I was imprisoned at Woodstock by Mary I in 1554. Another Woodstock can be find in U.S.A., also with a far known rock festival.

Santa Cruz de la Sierra. Capital of Santa Cruz dept. in East Bolivia. Sugar cane and cattle were the chief base of local industry until newly discovered oil and natural gas led to phenomenal growth.


Santander. Spanish city on the Bay of Biscay, capital of Santander province, which is traversed by the Cantabrian Mts. It is a port with shipyards, breweries, etc. Santander was sacked by Soult in 1808. Hundrieds died when a vessel carrying dynamite blew up in 1893; and a fire in 1941 swept away many old buildings and led to the re-planning of the town.


San Remo. Seaport and popular winter resort on the Gulf of Genoa, Liguria, North Italy. There is a casino; perfumes and mosaics are made.


Falaise. French town 20 m. S.S.E of Caen, in Calvados dept. Normandy. It is a market centre, and manufactures cotton and leather goods. The castle was that of the first dukes of Normandy, and William the Conqueror was born at Falaise.


Heraklion. Largest city of Crete, formerly known as Candia.


Bochum. German town in the Ruhr industrial district of North Rhine-Westphalia, between Essen and Dortmund. Its metallurgical industries made it frequent target for British bombers during the second world war.


Cardiff. Capital of Wales and country town of Glamorganshire, on the Taff, with docks on the Bristol Channel. It is essentially a modern city, its importance dating from the opening of the docks in 1839. It also has an airport. Cardiff’s development was greatly helped by the 2nd marquess of Bute (1793-1884) and his trustees who extended the docks. The prosperity of this, one of the largest industrial and commercial centres of the British Isles, was built up on its coal export trade which in 1839 amounted to 165,880 tons, in 1913 to 10½ million tons. This trade began to decline in the 1920s and virtually ceased during the second world war, facing Cardiff’s people with a serious struggle. Iron and Steel exports continued to be extensive, and Cardiff’s import trade grew, chief imports being timber, grain, and flour, meat, tobacco. Industries include ship repairing, flourmilling, engineering, and the manufacture of paper, iron and steel goods, and enamel ware. Cardiff dates from Roman times, the later town being built round the Norman castle: this, the residence of earls and marquesses of Bute from the 18th century, was given to the city in 1947 by the 5th marquess. In Cathays Park is a group of public buildings including the law courts and city hall, the Welsh national museum, registry of the university of Wales, Glamorgan county hall, Cardiff technical college and the university college of South Wales, offices of the Welsh board of health, the Welsh national war memorial, and the Temple of Peace and Health. St. John’s Church has a perpendicular tower. Cardiff is the seat of an R.C. archbishopric. Llandaff, on the right bank of the Taff, seat of a bishopric from the 6th century, was included in Cardiff in 1922; its cathedral, virtually rebuilt in the 19th century and badly damaged in a German air raid, 1941, was restored 1948-57. It has a giant figure of ‘Christ in Majesty’ by Epstein. Constituted a county borough in 1888, made a city with a lord mayor by royal charter in 1905, Cardiff was named capital of Wales in 1955.


Greater London, Lambeth. England, opposite Westminister on the South bank of the Thames. Notable buildings include Lambeth Palace, with its 15th century Lollard’s Tower, on a site which has been occupied by the chief residence of the archbishops of Canterbury from 1197; and County Hall, Headquarter of the G.L.C., opened in 1922.


Haslemere. English town in Surrey, between Blackdown and Hindhead, two barren heaths. The Dolmetsch family, musicans and instument-makers, established their workshops at Haslemere and have held an annual music festival from 1925.


Monaco Old Town. In Monaco, an small principality, under French protection, on the mediterranean, bounded by French dept. of Alpes-Maritimes. At the old town of Monaco is the palace, and a remarkable aquarium. Monaco comprises 3 communes, Monaco-Ville, Monte Carlo, and La Condamine.


Rochefort. Port in Charente-Martime dept., West France, 20 m. South East of La Rochelle and 9m. form the mouth of the Charente. Metal goods and machinery are made; grain, wine, dairy produce are exported. The port, at which Napoleon embarked for England in 1815, dates from 1666. In La Rochelle the catehedral completed 1762, and episcopal palaces are of note, and industries include shipbuilding and saw-milling. It was a stronghold of the Huguenots, who defended it unsuccessfully against Richelieu in 1627-8.


Varanesi. Indian city on the Ganges r. in Uttar Pradesh, more familar in the West under the form Benares. It is a city holy to Hindus with a 3 m. water frontage of stairways (ghats), leading up from the river to innumerable streets, temples, and the 1,500 golden shrines. The ritual of purification is daily practiced by thousands of devout Hindus, who bathe from the ghats in the sacred river. At the burning ghats, the ashes, following cremation, are scattered on the river, a ritual supposed to ensure a flavourable reincarnation.


Valletta. Capital of Malta and port of call for Far Eastern liners. The former palace (16th century) of the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitallers is the governor’s residence. Valletta founded 1566, suffered serve danage from air bombardment during the second world war.


Tokaj. Hungarian town at the confluence of the Bodrog and the Tisa, famous for its wine.


Toledo. Spanish city on the Tagus, 42 m. South West of Madrid; capital of Toledo province. Its cathedral was built 1227-1493, and there are Moorish remains. For centuries Toledo sword blades were famous; cloth and steel cutlery are manufactured. Toledo (2). City and port in Ohio, U.S.A. on Maumee Bay at the West end of lake Erie. Very important industrially (motor vehicles, electrical appliances, glass, food processing, etc.).


Mersin. Turkish port and market town, capital of Içel il, and sometimes itself called Içel, on the Mediterranean, 40 m. W.S.W. of Adana. It exports Chrome, copper, and agricultural produce, and has a large oil refinery, opened 1962, when built second in capacity in the Mediterranean area only to that of Naples.


Elba. Rugged island in the Mediterranean Sea, 6 m. off the West coast of Italy. Iron ore is exported from Portoferraio, the capital, to the Italian mainland, and there is fishing. Elba was the place of exile of Napoleon 1814-15.


Curaçao. Island in the West Indies, one of the Netherlands Antilles, to the legislature of which it sends 12 members. It lies in the Caribbean Sea, c. 40 m. North of Venezuela. Willemstad, the capital, has a fine harbour. There is some agriculture, but the principal industry, dating from 1918, is refining of petroleum from Venezuela. Curaçao discovered in 1499, colonized by spain 1527, annexed by the Dutch West India Company 1634, gave its name from 1924 to the group of islands renamed Netherlands Antilles in 1948. Curaçao liqueur, originally the produce of the island of Curaçao in the Netherlands West Indies, but now made in other countries, notably Latvia. Both dry and sweet Curaçao is produced and marketed, the alcohol content varying between 36 and 40 per cent.


Bougie. Algerian seaport, 120 m. East of Algiers, captured by the French 1833. The site has been occupied since Roman times. Bougie is linked by oil pipe-line with the Hassi Messaoud petroleum wells.


Bosporus. Strait c. 17 m. long joining the Black Sea with the Marmara, and forming parts of the water division between Europe and Asia. Istanbul stands on its West side. A suspension bridge (5,320 ft.) was under construction 1970-3.


St. Vincent. One of the Windward islands, West Indies, It bacame a British possesion in 1783 and , after some internal disagreements, became an assoc. state of the U.K. 1969. The capital is Kingstown. Bananas, arrowroot, copra, sugar, rum, spices are produced.


Sakka’ra. A village of Egypt, 10 m. South of Cairo, with 20 pyramids of which the oldest (3rd dynasty) is the ´Step Pyramid’ designed by Imhotep, whose own tomb here was nucleus of the Aesklepieion, a famed centre of healing in the ancient world.


Biarritz. French seaside resort and spa on the Bay of Biscay, in the Basses-Pyrénées dept., 5 m. South West of Bayonne.


Bornholm. Danish island in the Baltic Sea, 22 m. South East of the nearest point of Swedish coast. Rønne is the capital.


Prestwick. Scottish burgh on the Firth of Clyde, Ayrshire, 3 m. North of Ayr, known for its championship golf course, and as an airport for transatlantic services.

Source: Hutchinson’s New 20th Century Encyclopedia


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