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Freud and Zionism:Freud's letter and one article in "Corriere della Sera"

Little Sister | 07.07.2003 08:09 | Culture

In February 1930 Freud was asked, as a distinguished Jew, to contribute to a petition condemning Arab riots of 1929, in which over a hundred Jewish settlers were killed. This was his reply:


The Arab-Israeli Conflict
Freud would not have been surprised at the continuing conflict in the Middle East. He predicted as much 70 years ago.

We can predict Freud's response because of a letter he wrote to Dr. Chaim Koffler in 1930. In February 1930 Freud was asked, as a distinguished Jew, to contribute to a petition condemning Arab riots of 1929, in which over a hundred Jewish settlers were killed. This was his reply:

Letter to the Keren Hajessod (Dr. Chaim Koffler)

Vienna: 26 February 1930

Dear Sir,

I cannot do as you wish. I am unable to overcome my aversion to burdening the public with my name, and even the present critical time does not seem to me to warrant it. Whoever wants to influence the masses must give them something rousing and inflammatory and my sober judgement of Zionism does not permit this. I certainly sympathise with its goals, am proud of our University in Jerusalem and am delighted with our settlement's prosperity. But, on the other hand, I do not think that Palestine could ever become a Jewish state, nor that the Christian and Islamic worlds would ever be prepared to have their holy places under Jewish care. It would have seemed more sensible to me to establish a Jewish homeland on a less historically-burdened land. But I know that such a rational viewpoint would never have gained the enthusiasm of the masses and the financial support of the wealthy. I concede with sorrow that the baseless fanaticism of our people is in part to be blamed for the awakening of Arab distrust. I can raise no sympathy at all for the misdirected piety which transforms a piece of a Herodian wall into a national relic, thereby offending the feelings of the natives.

Now judge for yourself whether I, with such a critical point of view, am the right person to come forward as the solace of a people deluded by unjustified hope.

Your obediant servant,

Freud

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Article in "Corriere della Sera"

sabato, 28 giugno, 2003
VARIE
Pag. 031

E Freud disse no al sionismo: la diaspora è di tutti

I RETROSCENA Una lettera «non propizia» destinata a restare segreta PIONIERI Per lui la «terra promessa» era la coscienza umana
IL CASO
Di Stefano Paolo

Nel febbraio 1930, Sigmund Freud riceve un appello dell' associazione «Keren Hajessod» in cui gli si chiede di protestare contro le popolazioni arabe in Palestina che vietano agli ebrei le manifestazioni di culto e l' accesso al Muro del Pianto. A quell' appello, inviato a molti eminenti intellettuali ebrei, Freud risponde il 26 febbraio con una lettera che aiuta a comprendere meglio le sue posizioni rispetto al sionismo. Una lettera considerata «non propizia» dal destinatario, il dottor Chiam Koffler, e quindi condannata a rimanere inedita. Non a caso fu trasmessa dallo stesso Koffler al dr. Abraham Schwadron di Gerusalemme (un sionista di sinistra collezionista di autografi) in cambio della promessa che «nessun occhio umano potesse mai vederla». Quel documento «non propizio» viene ora pubblicato da Michele Ranchetti in un saggio intitolato La terra promessa. Una lettera inedita di Freud che appare ne L' ospite ingrato, il semestrale del Centro Studi Franco Fortini. La lettera, in realtà già conosciuta in parte, come osserva lo stesso Ranchetti, rimane imbarazzante ancora oggi, a oltre settant' anni dalla sua stesura. Perché «non è propizio il pensiero di Freud, se esso non serve ad una delle due o più parti in conflitto». «E' uno dei pochissimi esempi... in cui Freud non si mostri reticente o prudente nei riguardi del sionismo e al contrario formuli un giudizio sulle ragioni di una conflittualità che si sarebbe sviluppata in quelle terre», osserva Ranchetti. Sul suo essere ebreo, Freud si era pronunciato più volte: «Posso dire di sentirmi lontano dalla religione ebraica come da tutte le religioni - scrive nel ' 25 -. Per contro ho sempre avuto molto forte il senso di appartenenza al mio popolo, che ho cercato di coltivare anche nei miei figli». E l' anno dopo: «Ciò che mi legava all' ebraismo era (...) non la fede, e nemmeno l' orgoglio nazionale (...). Ho sempre cercato di reprimere l' orgoglio nazionale, quando ne sentivo l' inclinazione (...). Ma tante altre cose rimanevano che rendevano irresistibile l' attrazione per l' ebraismo e gli ebrei, molte oscure potenze del sentimento». E rispetto al movimento sionista? Mai un cenno di assenso, anzi la lettera testimonia una volta per tutte le sue riserve. Ranchetti mette in parallelo la nascita del sionismo (nel 1896, con la pubblicazione de Lo Stato ebraico di Herzl) con la nascita della psicoanalisi (1899, con l' uscita de L' interpretazione dei sogni). Due progetti di «conquista di un territorio», di una terra promessa. Freud non conobbe mai personalmente Herzl, anche se per qualche anno abitarono nella sua stessa strada, la famosa Bergstrasse di Vienna. Nel 1902, Freud gli scrive per informarlo che ha chiesto all' editore di mandargli, per recensione, una copia della Traumdeutung, aggiungendo: «La prego di conservare la copia come testimonianza dell' alta stima in cui ormai da anni, così come altri, tengo lo scrittore e il combattente per i diritti umani del nostro popolo». Ma Freud, che tenne sempre a respingere l' identificazione della psicoanalisi come scienza ebraica, non si dichiarò mai sionista e la sua «terra promessa» era altra cosa rispetto a quella dello scrittore ungherese che fondò l' Organizzazione sionistica mondiale. La «terra promessa» era una patria, per Herzl; la coscienza umana, per Freud. Come sottolinea Ranchetti, per l' uno si tratta di definire un luogo «dove la condivisione degli ideali e delle tradizioni sia libera in una forma di assetto statuale»; per l' altro «la diaspora riguarda tutti gli uomini... per questo la soluzione "territoriale" di Herzl non può non sembrargli riduttiva e, per così dire, inficiata dalla pericolosità di alcune delle sue componenti: il territorio, la lingua, il popolo, lo Stato e, da quando la Palestina è diventata la terra di elezione, la religione e la storia religiosa presente nelle rovine (false) del tempio». Verrà poi, nel ' 39, la grande opera testamentaria di Freud, L' uomo Mosè e la religione monoteistica, oggetto di interpretazioni contrastanti. Per alcuni fu un attacco alle radici stesse dell' ebraismo. Per altri, autobiografia camuffata. Per altri, infine, come il celebre Yosef H. Yerushalmi che vi dedicò uno studio, la storia psicoanalitica di un popolo e di una religione. Resta da chiedersi, osserva ancora Ranchetti, come mai la psicoanalisi non trovò successo in Israele, nonostante i tentativi realizzati sin dagli anni Venti da allievi come Max Eitingon di impiantarvi una scuola freudiana. Ma questa è un' altra storia. Paolo Di Stefano



Little Sister

Comments

Hide the following 4 comments

Minor? correction --- SETTLERS?

07.07.2003 11:50

"....to contribute to a petition condemning Arab riots of 1929, in which over a hundred Jewish settlers were killed."

What is THIS B....S....? Oh, I get it, they are called "settlers" because there supposedly weren't Jews living there before the advent of modern Zionism. Jews living there since ancient times.

FYI --- almost all the fatalities of the 1929 riots were among the traditional Jewish inhabitants of Hebron. The survivors were expelled and from 1929 on Hebron was an Arab town. There were of course some fatalities elswhere, but the settlements founded by the modern Zionists weren't such soft targets.

Mike
mail e-mail: stepbystepefarm mtdata.com


Yes - settlers. 50% of the Jewish population were settlers at the time.

07.07.2003 15:45

Thank you, step-by-step. You have stimulated me to investigate this period, of which I was largely ignorant.
I found virtually no sources except clearly pro-zionist and pro Israeli ones. Nevertheless, the history is there to be decoded, if one strips out all the partisan remarks and qualifications.

 http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/History/mandate.html tells us:

"According to the 1922 census, the Jewish population was 84,000, while the Arabs numbered 643,000......"
The same source gives detailed year-by-year jewish immigration numbers.
If we define "settler" as an immigrant within only the last seven years (pretty generous I think), then the total settlers at the time of the riots in 1929 computes to 89,454.

Thus the recent settlers were in excess of 50% of the jewish population. If we assume those massacred to be representative of the whole population (unlikely) then more than 50% were indeed settlers. Probably more.

My researches shocked me somewhat, as I discovered that Arab fears of, and resistance to jewish immigration began much earlier than I had realised. Also, various UK government investigations and reports had identified displacement of arabs from their lands by jews as a serious economic and political problem, and recommended immediate curtailment of increases in Jewish numbers.

This was the conclusion of the Hope-Simpson report which looked into the 1929 riots, reporting in 1930.

 http://www.palestinefacts.org/pf_mandate_hope_simpson.php tells us:

"Hope-Simpson's main concern was that there was not sufficient land to support continued immigration. According to his report, Arab farmers were suffering from severe economic difficulties. Many were tenant farmers who owed large amounts of money and lacked the means to ensure successful agricultural endeavors. Others were simply unemployed. The report indicated that the Jewish policy of hiring only Jews was responsible for the deplorable conditions in which the Arabs found themselves.
Due to these conditions, Hope-Simpson recommended the cessation of Jewish immigration. Only after new agricultural methods would be introduced in Palestine, would room be made for an additional number of immigrants."

Also, this has all been going on longer than I thought.

 http://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/concepts/d2.html (another israeli source) tells us :

"Under Ottoman Rule 1882 - 1917
From the beginning Jewish settlement met with opposition from the local Arabs. While at most times this opposition was dormant, there were many instances when it was expressed publicly, taking the form of sporadic attacks, usurpation of lands and the like. It is doubtful whether this opposition had any political connotations. In 1891, however, nine years after the beginning of the first aliyah, the first sign of political opposition to Zionism made its appearance. Arab notables from Jerusalem called upon the Ottoman administration to prohibit the immigration of and the sale of land to Jews. This request was repeated time and again.
Anti-Jewish riots in 1920 and in 1921
In March 1920 anti-Jewish riots broke out in Jerusalem ("Bloody Passover") "

It seems the 1929 riots were the culmination of all this, triggered by two events. The first was increasing Jewish possessiveness at the "wailing wall". Probably more important was the fact that 13 days before the outbreak, the jews had signalled the seriousness of their designs on palestine by forming the Jewish Agency, and commencing a massive fund-raising campaign.

 http://www.multied.com/Israel/1929HebronMassacre.htm describes it thus (ignore the flickers of bias):

"The economic crisis of 1926-28 raised hopes among antagonists that the Jewish State might fail. At the sixteenth Zionist Congress, which met in Zurich from July 29 to August 10, 1929, the establishment of the Jewish Agency was announced. The Agency, which included non-philanthropists from the United States, was considered to be a major source of invigoration for the Yishuv. This event coincided with the rise of power of Mufti Amin el-Hussein. Hussein decided to raise religious incitement against the Jews by spreading the rumor that the Jews were going to seize the temple mount in Jerusalem. After prayer services on Friday, August 23, violence erupted in Jerusalem, as Arabs indiscriminately attacked Jews throughout Jerusalem.

.....This commission, while blaming the Arabs for actually starting the riots, concluded that the underlying causes of the violence had been Zionist settlements and land purchases. The report's conclusions were hotly disputed, but ultimately the British took actions that limited somewhat Jewish land purchases in Palestine."

Carruthers


loada shite, carruthers

07.07.2003 22:57

Well done for all your research and that, more than happy for you to delve into the history accounts, but two just minor errors:

You seem to justify the massacres in Hebron by calculating that half of them were settlers. Well, even if that made it all OK, your numbers don't add up; Hebron isn't representative of the demographic shift in the 1920s because almost all the immigration was to the north of the country.

Then, you bring beautiful quotes saying that it wasn't the Arabs fault for murdering their Jewish neighbours, it was all because of agricultural policies. Well, that makes it just fine then, does it? The Arabs were unemployed because the Jews weren't hiring them? You bring the figure that "the Jewish population was 84,000, while the Arabs numbered 643,000". Seems to me like agricultural policies are a very shaky excuse for the '29 riots. Then you say that it was sparked by Jews' possesiveness of the Western Wall, and then bring a quote saying that the al-Quds Mufti made up that rumour.

Will you apologists ever stop talking in homogenous terms? Palestinians are being treated horribly today, and thats bad, and there are Palestinian suicide bombers who are bad, and in 1929 the Arabs did something that was bad. Will you accept that? Why don't you say it?

J


Why do you invent someone elses position for them ?

08.07.2003 01:18

One commentator addresses me thus:
"Will you apologists ever stop talking in homogenous terms? Palestinians are being treated horribly today, and thats bad, and there are Palestinian suicide bombers who are bad, and in 1929 the Arabs did something that was bad. Will you accept that? Why don't you say it?"

Old chap, I can't say everything in every posting. Why do you just assume I am a bigot ? In fact I wholeheartedly endorse everything you say in the above quote. I do accept it. I didn't say it because I was saying something else.

I researched the pre-1929 situation because I wanted to comment on the posting with some understanding. I posted the results of my research on the historical situation, carefully giving my sources for you to check. I think my presentation was fairly , though not completely neutral. The doubling of Jewish numbers between '22 and '29 by immigration can hardly be regarded as irrelevant to the history of the period.

I personally don't actually think that this old history is very significant for the current situation. Which is why I hadn't researched it before stimulated by the posting.

I think it is generally good to understand what caused what, but I also think that the idea of blame for things so long ago is totally non-productive. Discussing and evaluating causes is quite different from assigning blame, or awarding justification.

The long rant with the three "documents" totally fails to see this difference. It castigates one side or the other for its attitudes and actions decades ago. It is totally devoid of even one testable reference. It equates the politically motivated hostility and hatred to be expected from a displaced and humiliated people (and those who feel for them) to racism. It makes assumptions that other posters are supporting violence when not one has so stated. It uses quotes from the Muslim holy book to denigrate that religion.

All these are standard distraction tactics. Why not keep to the discussion in hand, deal with other's points as they occur, and provide references for one's assertions, as I have done?

With regard to quoting holy writings - what a pointless game.
I could quote Jewish holy texts which are unbelievable - describing non-Jews as inferior soul-less beings only marginally better than animals, and entirely incapable of any spiritual perception. Providing humble support for gods chosen people as the highest destiny to which they can aspire. I don't usually believe in raising such an issue. The point is that people who live in glasshouses shouldn't throw stones.

carruthers


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